Monday, July 13, 2009

If you had a ground floor opportunity to redo BET from scratch, what would you do? Guess what?


Every once in a while an opportunity comes around

where there are only a few people who know what's

up and they're not well enough connected to take

advantage of something right in front of their face.

perceive this to be the case right now in minority

radio.

If I were to get the opportunity to have a radio program,

it would be called The Vector and it would be very much

like Cobb in many respects. I would direct it to the

internal Third World and point the way to the Second.

To me, the best of the Second World would be well

represented by the man who owns a small, multimillion

dollar business. It's where I'm trying to go. In some

respects, I'm not perfectly qualified to host such a show,

but in other ways I'm the perfect man for the job. But

that's not the point of this post, rather it is to draw

attention to what's going on at Sirius & XM with regard

to what appears to be a minority set-aside for satellite

radio spectrum. A cat I met last month, Malik Shakur

is in the thick of following the FCC machinations and

has an application in process for some of this spectrum.

He's determined and his website is getting little traffic.

I notice these things and I hope that to the extent people

notice me,I can direct some attention his way. It's very

difficult to be a one man crusade, especially when there

are so many people who very desperately want to achieve

the same goal. We're just not all networked.

So as I said, I'm going to get folks I know, whom I have

confidence would be excellent in the radio business to

get aware of Malik's efforts. Something important can

happen here.

http://cobb.typepad.com/cobb/

Thursday, July 2, 2009

FREDERICK DOUGLASS July 4th SPEECH

I came across this speech and wanted to share some American history with you

Independence Day Speech at Rochester, 1852

Fellow citizens, pardon me, allow me to ask, why am I called upon to speak here today? What have I, or those I represent, to do with your national independence? Are the great principles of political freedom and of natural justice, embodied in that Declaration of Independence, extended to us? and am I, therefore, called upon to bring our humble offering to the national altar, and to confess the benefits and express devout gratitude for the blessings resulting from your independence to us?

Would to God, both for your sakes and ours, that an affirmative answer could be truthfully returned to these questions! Then would my task be light, and my burden easy and delightful. For who is there so cold that a nation's sympathy could not warm him? Who so obdurate and dead to the claims of gratitude that would not thankfully acknowledge such priceless benefits? Who so stolid and selfish that would not give his voice to swell the hallelujahs of a nation's jubilee, when the chains of servitude had been torn from his limbs? I am not that man. In a case like that the dumb might eloquently speak and the "lame man leap as an hart."

But such is not the state of the case. I say it with a sad sense of the disparity between us. am not included within the pale of this glorious anniversary! Your high independence only reveals the immeasurable distance between us. The blessings in which you, this day, rejoice are not enjoyed in common. The rich inheritance of justice, liberty, prosperity, and independence bequeathed by your fathers is shared by you, not by me. The sunlight that brought light and healing to you has brought stripes and death to me. This Fourth of July is yours, not mine. You may rejoice, I must mourn. To drag a man in fetters into the grand illuminated temple of liberty, and call upon him to join you in joyous anthems, were inhuman mockery and sacrilegious irony. Do you mean, citizens, to mock me by asking me to speak today? If so, there is a parallel to your conduct. And let me warn that it is dangerous to copy the example of nation whose crimes, towering up to heaven, were thrown down by the breath of the Almighty, burying that nation in irrevocable ruin! I can today take up the plaintive lament of a peeled and woe-smitten people.

By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down. Yea! We wept when we remembered Zion. We hanged our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof. For there, they that carried us away captive, required of us a song; and they who wasted us required of us mirth, saying, Sing us one of the songs of Zion. How can we sing the Lord's song in a strange land? If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her cunning. If do not remember thee, let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth."

Fellow citizens, above your national, tumultuous joy, I hear the mournful wail of millions! Whose chains, heavy and grievous yesterday, are, today, rendered more intolerable by the jubilee shouts that reach them. If I do forget, if I do not faithfully remember those bleeding children of sorry this day, "may my right hand cleave to the roof of my mouth"! To forget them, to pass lightly over their wrongs, and to chime in with the popular theme would be treason most scandalous and shocking, and would make me a reproach before God and the world. My subject, then, fellow citizens, is American slavery. I shall see this day and its popular characteristics from the slave's point of view. Standing there identified with the American bondman, making his wrongs mine. I do not hesitate to declare with all my soul that the character and conduct of this nation never looked blacker to me than on this Fourth of July! Whether we turn to the declarations of the past or to the professions of the present, the conduct of the nation seems equally hideous and revolting. America is false to the past, false to the present, and solemnly binds herself to be false to the future. Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of liberty which is fettered, in the name of the Constitution and the Bible which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and to denounce, with all the emphasis I can command, everything that serves to perpetuate slavery-the great sin and shame of America! "I will not equivocate, I will not excuse"; I will use the severest language I can command; and yet not one word shall escape me that any man, whose judgment is not blinded by prejudice, shall not confess to be right and just....

For the present, it is enough to affirm the equal manhood of the Negro race. Is it not as astonishing that, while we are plowing, planting, and reaping, using all kinds of mechanical tools, erecting houses, constructing bridges, building ships, working in metals of brass, iron, copper, and secretaries, having among us lawyers doctors, ministers, poets, authors, editors, orators, and teachers; and that, while we are engaged in all manner of enterprises common to other men, digging gold in California, capturing the whale in the Pacific, feeding sheep and cattle on the hillside, living, moving, acting, thinking, planning, living in families as husbands, wives, and children, and above all, confessing and worshiping the Christian's God, and looking hopefully for life and immortality beyond the grave, we are called upon to prove that we are men!...

What To The Slave Is The 4th Of July? "
FREDERICK DOUGLASS SPEECH, 1852

Tuesday, June 30, 2009

Federal Communications Commission DA 09-1484

Before the Federal Communications Commission

Washington, D.C. 20554

In the Matter of Applications for Consent to the

Transfer of Control of Licenses

XM Satellite Radio Holdings Inc.,

Transferor To

Sirius Satellite Radio Inc.,

Transferee

MB Docket No. 07-57

ORDER

Adopted: June 29, 2009 Released: June 29, 2009

By the Acting Chief, Media Bureau:

1. In this Order, the Media Bureau, on its own motion, grants an extension until August 28,

2009, for Sirius Satellite Radio Inc. and XM Satellite Radio Holdings Inc. to implement their voluntary commitment to enter into long-term leases or other agreements to provide a Qualified Entity or Entities rights to four percent of the full-time audio channels on the Sirius and XM platforms (“Leasing Condition”)

2. On July 25, 2008, the Commission approved the transfer of control of licenses and authorizations held by the Applicants, subject to the Applicants’ fulfillment of the Leasing Condition, among other commitments and conditions.2 In response to commenters’ concerns about the mechanics of the channel lease administration and allocation, the Commission deferred a decision as to specific implementation details for the Leasing Condition.3 On February 27, 2009,the Media Bureau issued a Public Notice seeking comment on the implementation details of the Leasing Condition.4 In response to the Public Notice, commenters raised a number of additional concerns and proposed a range of models to implement the Leasing Condition.5 The Bureau anticipates Commission action on the implementation guidelines in the very near future, and thus this brief extension is appropriate. The Commission will address any additional timing issues in its implementation order.

3. Accordingly, ITIS ORDERED, that pursuant to Sections 4(i), 4(j), 303(r), and 310(d), of

the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. §§ 154(i), 154(j), 303(r) and 310(d), and authority delegated in Section 1.46 of our rules, 47 C.F.R. § 1.46, Sirius XM is granted an extension of time, sua sponte, until August 28, 2009, to fulfill its voluntary commitment to enter into long-term leases or other agreements to provide a Qualified Entity or Entities rights to four percent of the full-time audio channels on the Sirius platform and on the XM platform.

FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION

Robert H. Ratcliffe

Acting Chief, Media Bureau

Monday, June 22, 2009

Open Letter to the 100 U. S. Senators of the 111th Congress

Dear Senators;

On July 25, 2008, Federal Communication Commission (FCC) voted to approve the merger between Sirius and XM. As part of the Merge Order Sirius XM made a Voluntary Commitment to donate four percent commercial (12 channels) and four percent of non-commercial (12 channels) to the underserved market. One of the goals of the FCC has is a compelling interest to maintain an equal playing field in all forms of communication in the United States. Statically there is data that proves the current state of minorities with access and or ownership to radio is dismal at best. In a report entitled Off The Dial: Female and Minority Radio Station Ownership in the United States by S. Derek Turner June 2007 found that women and minorities own just 6 and 7.7% of all broadcast radio stations in the country respectively. To further the point of the dismal outlook of minorities in radio the Third Circuit chastised the FCC in Prometheus v. FCC 373 F.3d 372 for ignoring the issue of female and minority ownership. This proves there is a compelling interest for the FCC a governmental agency to act.

American Independents Radio (AIR) has filed several documents with the FCC on its implementation of its concept regarding the proposed 24 channels offered by the Sirius XM Voluntary Commitment. AIR’s concept is to break the channels up by topic not race using the common thread of being human to inform, educate and give the underserved market the opportunity to be on the radio. By defining the proposed channels by topic you broaden the spectrum of talent, interest and diversity. This concept insures the underserved markets needs are met and the line between race-neutral and race preference are met.

When the FCC accepted the Applicants’ Voluntary Commitments from Sirius XM to make available 24 channels for use by Qualified Entities (the FCC compelling governmental interest in maintaining equality), and the FCC defined a "Qualified Entity” as a business "majority-owned by persons who are African American, not of Hispanic origin; Asian or Pacific Islanders; American Indians or Alaskan Natives; or Hispanics, it obligated itself to find a method and a individual or several individuals to give the proposed channels too.

What is required now is a plan that makes sense and adheres to Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña 515 U.S. 200 (1995) that all racial classifications, imposed by whatever federal, state, or local government must be analyzed by a reviewing court under a standard of "strict scrutiny and the American Independents Radio meets that test.

If the FCC in the eleven-hour decides to kick the responsibility back to Sirius XM then the duties granted to the FCC from it creations “to regulating interstate and foreign commerce in communication by wire and radio so as to make available, so far as possible, to all the people of the United States, without discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex” will fall to the waist side and the FCC will ultimately fails in protecting the people of the United States including the Qualified Entities. However if you inform acting Commissioner Michael J. Coops that the FCC cannot accept a responsibility to improve minority access to radio and a year later decided it want to shift the responsible to Sirius XM then what the Third Circuit chastised the FCC in Prometheus rings true that the FCC ignores the issues of female and minority ownership.

Other than American Independent Radio there are two other Qualified Entities active on the docket that meet all the needs of Adarand and Sirius XM Voluntary Commitments. If given the opportunity to work together as the Voices under the American Independent Radio banner then the FCC has done its job by creating equality for all on the radio. Please don’t let the FCC walk away from its responsibility.

Regards,

Malik Shakur CEO

American Independents Radio

Thursday, June 18, 2009

Politics Senate Apologizes For Slavery by David Welna

All Things Considered, June 18, 2009 · The U.S. Senate apologized Thursday for slavery and for the segregationist Jim Crow laws, 144 years after the Civil War and 45 years after passing the Civil Rights Act.

The action came in a nonbinding resolution adopted unanimously by voice vote.

The Senate chamber was nearly empty as Iowa Democrat Tom Harkin rose to call for a measure that he said was long overdue for the descendants of 4 million blacks who were enslaved in the U.S.

"A national apology by the representative body of the people is a necessary collective response to a past collective injustice," Harkin said. "So, it is both appropriate and imperative that Congress fulfill its moral obligation and officially apologize for slavery and Jim Crow laws."

The resolution states the congressional apology is made to African-Americans on behalf of the people of the United States for "the wrongs committed against them and their ancestors." That is followed, however, by a disclaimer that says nothing in the resolution authorizes any claim against the United States.

Kansas Republican Sam Brownback, who co-sponsored the measure, says that disclaimer was necessary to win the support of senators who feared the apology could be used by African-Americans seeking reparations.

"It was a difficult negotiation," he says. "We had to get the reparation issue right."

Last year, the House passed a similar resolution, but without the reparations disclaimer.

New York Democratic Rep. Gregory Meeks, a member of the Congressional Black Caucus, says he isn't sure he supports the Senate's reparations disclaimer.

"If it ... can be construed to mean that ... it rules out [reparations], then that's a problem," Meeks says.

Tennessee Democrat Steve Cohen, who sponsored last year's House resolution, says he hopes the House passes the Senate's apology soon, but he wants it done by voice vote.

"This should be a congenial, kumbaya moment," he says. "A roll call could expose some fissures in what should be a cohesive spirit of apology and rectitude and more perfect union."

Tuesday, June 16, 2009

WHITE PAPER ON FCC, SIRIUS XM AND ADARAND: HOW ICLICK2MEDIA’S AMERICAN INDEPENDENT RADIO SOLVES THE PROBLEM

The concept of American Independent Radio (AIR) is to give space to independent radio content providers, members of the underserved market and or Qualified Entities as defined by the FCC that have been absent and ever shrinking on the radio airwaves. The FCC has an obligation to insure fairness in the market place and Sirius XM realized that it has a responsibility to give space on its dial to voices that are not normally heard on terrestrial radio but need to be heard on satellite radio. Sirius XM Voluntary Commitments to make available 4 percent of its capacity for use by certain Qualified Entities, and an additional 4 percent of capacity for the delivery of noncommercial educational or informational (“NCE”) programming lays the foundation that something must be done to combat the absent of the underserved market on the radio.

This white paper will discuss the following,

1. The implication of Adarand

2. Application of Strict Scrutiny, how the three-prong test is met,

3. Supporting statistic about the state of minority radio ownership

4. The goal of AIR to walk the line of Race Neutral and Race Preference,

5. AIR solution of inclusiveness with the development of Digital Satellite Radio Consortium (DSRC) for Qualified Entities Active on the Docket (07-57) and

6. The wrap-up

1. The implication of Adarand

In Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña[1], the United States Supreme Court case held that all racial classifications, imposed by whatever federal, state, or local government must be analyzed by a reviewing court under a standard of "strict scrutiny," the highest level of Supreme Court review.

In September 2005, the U.S Commission on Civil Rights[2] issued a report finding that, ten years after the Adarand decision, federal agencies still largely fail to comply with the rule in Adarand. Specifically, the Commission found that the Departments of Defense, Transportation, Education, Energy, Housing and Urban Development, and State, and the Small Business Administration, do not seriously consider race neutral alternatives before implementing race-conscious federal procurement programs. The U.S Commission on Civil Rights found that the Strict Scrutiny standard under Adarand and other Supreme Court decisions requires such consideration. Commissioner Michael Yaki dissented from the 2005 Commission's report, arguing that the Commission was taking a "radical step backwards" from the "race-progressive policies" of the past

Scrutiny Scrutiny

Strict Scrutiny[3] is applied based on the constitutional conflict at issue, regardless of whether a law or action of the U.S. federal government, a state government, or a local municipality is at issue. It arises in two basic contexts: when a "fundamental" constitutional right is infringed, particularly those listed in the Bill of Rights[4] and those the court has deemed a fundamental right protected by the liberty provision of the 14th Amendment[5]; or when the government action involves the use of a "suspect classification" such as race or national origin that may render it void under the Equal Protection Clause[6]. To pass strict scrutiny, the law or policy must satisfy a three-prong test:

A. It must be justified by a compelling governmental interest.

(i) FCC has the inalienable right to maintain an equal playing field. Statically there is data that proves a huge disparage that the current state of minority with access and or ownership is dismal at best. Comments on Regulation of Access to Vertically-Integrated Natural Monopolies[7] show the main idea behind regulations was that it was necessary because the market for telecommunication services was a natural monopoly, and therefore a second competitor would not survive. Regulations were imposed to protect consumers from monopolistic abuses. The overall goal of telecommunications policy is to maximize efficiency through competition. The logic of competition and antitrust law in the United States is to guard against restrictions and impediments to competition that are not likely to be naturally corrected by competitive forces. As an alternative to antitrust and competition law, economic regulation has been established in three exceptional case:

(1) For those markets where it is clear that competition cannot be achieved by market forces,

(2) Where deviation from efficiency is deemed socially desirable; and

(3) Where the social and private benefits are clearly different. In each of these cases, it is clear that a market without intervention will not result in the desired outcome.

In the first case, this is true by the definition of the category. In the second case, markets may lead to efficiency, but society prefers a different outcome, and intervention is necessary to achieve this. In the third case, maximization of social surplus does not coincide with maximization of the sum of profits and consumers’ surplus because of “externalities[8]. Therefore the logic is sound however the practical implications have a tendency when it comes to an underserved market fall to the waist side.

B. The law or policy must be narrowly tailored to achieve that goal or interest. If the government action encompasses too much (over-inclusive) or fails to address essential aspects of the compelling interest (under-inclusive), then the rule is not considered narrowly tailored.

(i) The Telecommunication Act of 1996[9] aims to "preserve and advance universal service this means:

(1) High quality at low rates.

(2) Access to advanced services in all States.

(3) Access in rural and high cost areas at comparable prices to other areas.

(4) Supported by "equitable and nondiscriminatory contributions" by "all providers of telecommunications services."

(5) Specific and predictable mechanisms to raise the required funds.

(6) Access to advanced telecommunications services for schools, health care, and libraries

As Section 2 (i)(4) Equitable and Nondiscriminatory contributions” by “ all provides of telecommunications Services” of The Telecommunication Act of 1996[10] is what I take concern with. When the Commission accepted the Applicants’ voluntary commitments to make available 4 percent of its capacity for use by certain Qualified Entities, and an additional 4 percent of capacity for the delivery of NCE programming, which will enhance the diversity of programming available to consumers[11], it obligate itself to act as the custodial to ensure the Qualified Entities, the underserved markets would be heard which is not over inclusive because Sirius XM understood the importance of diversity and actively took a stand to allocate 4 percent commercial and 4 percent non-commercial as to keep in line with the goals of The Telecommunication Act of 1996 to "preserve and advance universal service”. The compelling interest as the custodial the Commission must address the current dismal state of minority ownership because its foundation, the reason the Commission was created was

For the purpose of regulating interstate and foreign commerce in communication by wire and radio so as to make available, so far as possible, to all the people of the United States, without discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex…. and for the purpose of securing a more effective execution of this policy by centralizing authority heretofore granted by law to several agencies and by granting additional authority with respect to interstate and foreign commerce in wire and radio communication, there is hereby created a commission to be known as the ''Federal Communications Commission,'' which shall be constituted as hereinafter provided, and which shall execute and enforce the provisions of this Act”[12].

3. Finally, the law or policy must be the least restrictive means for achieving that interest. More accurately, there cannot be a less restrictive way to effectively achieve the compelling government interest, but the test will not fail just because there is another method that is equally the least restrictive.

(i) The lease restrictive means was creative on July 25, 2008, when the Commission voted to approve the application of Sirius Satellite Radio Inc. (“Sirius”) and XM Satellite Radio Holdings Inc. (“XM”; jointly, the “Applicants”) to transfer control of the licenses and authorizations held by Sirius and XM and their subsidiaries for the provision of satellite digital audio radio service (or “SDARS”) in the United States. The Commission found that the grant of the application, with the Voluntary Commitments made by the Applicants (Sirius XM) and other conditions is in the public interest. Further, the FCC's order approving the merger of Sirius XM defined a "Qualified Entity" as one that is "majority-owned by persons who are African American, not of Hispanic origin; Asian or Pacific Islanders; American Indians or Alaskan Natives; or Hispanics addressing the FCC compelling governmental interest in maintaining equality.

(ii) Further when the FCC granted Sirius XM the right to merge and the FCC accepted their Voluntary Commitments to make available 4 percent of its capacity for Qualified Entities, and an additional 4 percent of capacity for NCE it obligated itself to perform its inherent duties of telecommunications policy to maximize efficiency through competition. That competition includes giving Qualified Entities the ability to compete in the open market.

3. Supporting statistic of the state of minority radio ownership

(a) In a study done S. Derek Turner Research Director of The Free Press entitled Off The Dial: Female and Minority Radio Station Ownership in the United States[13] explains media consolidation is one of the key factors keeping female and minority station ownership at low levels. As consolidation cuts back the already limited number of stations available, women and people of color have fewer chances to become media owners and promote diverse programming. In Prometheus v. FCC decision[14], the Third Circuit chastised the FCC for ignoring the issue of female and minority ownership. But since then, the FCC has done very little to address the issue. The FCC has abdicated its responsibility to monitor and foster increased minority and female broadcast ownership but know has a chance to change all of that. Here are the facts and the state of minority and female ownership;

i. The Dismal State of Female and Minority Ownership

The results of this study reveal a dismally low level of female and minority ownership of radio stations in America that has left two-thirds of the U.S. population with few stations representing their communities or serving their needs. Women own just 6 percent of all full-power commercial broadcast radio stations, even though they comprise 51 percent of the U.S. population. Racial or ethnic minorities own just 7.7 percent of all full-power commercial broadcast radio stations, though they account for 33 percent of the U.S. population. Latinos own just 2.9 percent of all U.S. full-power commercial broadcast radio stations, but they comprise 15 percent of the U.S. population and are the nation’s largest ethnic Minority group.

ii. Radio Station Ownership Lags Behind Other Economic Sectors

Our previous study, Out of the Picture[15], found that female and minority ownership of broadcast television stations was similarly anemic. Women own 5 percent of broadcast TV stations, while people of color own just 3.3 percent of stations. These groups' level of radio station ownership is only slightly higher, despite the fact that the cost of operating a radio station is dramatically lower than a TV station. Moreover, radio station ownership is very low compared to the levels seen in other commercial industry sector.

iii. According to the most recent figures available

1. Women own 28 percent of all non-farm businesses.

2. Racial and ethnic minorities owned 18 percent of all non-farm businesses, according to the most recent data.

3. In sectors such as transportation and health care, people of color own businesses at levels near their proportion of the general population. But in the commercial radio broadcast sector the level of minority ownership is over four times below their proportion of the general population.

iv. No Diversity at the Top of Station Management

Not only do women and people of color own few stations, but also commercial stations have very few women and minorities at the top — in the positions of CEO, president or general manager.

1. Just 4.7 percent of all full-power commercial broadcast radio stations are owned by an entity with a female CEO or president.

2. Only 1 percent of the stations not owned by women are controlled by an entity with a female CEO or president.

3. Just 8 percent of all full-power commercial broadcast radio

stations are owned by an entity with a CEO or president who is a racial or ethnic minority.

4. Less than 1 percent of stations not owned by people of color are controlled by an entity with a minority CEO or president. However, minority-owned stations are significantly more likely to be run by a female CEO or president than non-minority-owned stations, and female-owned stations are significantly more likely to be run by a minority CEO or president than non-female-owned stations. And both female-owned and minority-owned stations are significantly more likely to employ a woman as general manager.

(v) Female and Minority Owners Control Fewer Stations per Owner

Female and minority owners are more likely to own fewer stations per owner than their white male and corporate counterparts. They are also more likely to own just a single station.

1. Of all the unique minority owners, 67.8 percent own just a single station. However, only 49.6 percent of the unique non-minority owners are single-station owners.

2. 60.8 percent of the unique female owners are single-station owners, versus just 50.4 percent of the unique non-female station owners.

3. Only 24.4 percent of the unique minority station owners are group owners -- owning stations in multiple markets, or more than three stations in a single market -- compared to 29.5 percent of non-minority owners.

4. Just 16.9 percent of female owners are group owners, versus 30.4 percent of non-female owners.

5. Overall, racial and ethnic minorities own 2.6 stations per unique owner compared to 3.9 stations owned per unique white, non-Hispanic owner.

6. Women own 2.1 stations per unique owner compared to 4.1 stations owned per unique male owner. Female- and minority-owned stations differ from non-female- and non-minority-owned stations in other ways as well. For example, women and people of color are more likely to own less valuable AM stations and their stations are more likely to be found in larger, more populated markets.

(vi) Female- and Minority-Owned Stations Are More Local, More Often

1. Localism is supposed to be one of the FCC's key considerations in crafting media ownership regulations. Local owners, in theory, are more connected to the communities they serve and thus in a better position to respond to public needs than absentee owners who reside hundreds or thousands of miles away. Our study found that female owners are significantly more likely to be local station owners.

2. 64.4 percent of all female-owned stations are locally owned, versus just 41.6 percent of non-female-owned stations.

3. For minority-owned stations, the relationship is somewhat more complex because the minority population is more concentrated in certain areas. Minority-owned stations are more likely to be locally owned than non-minority-owned stations in larger markets, which have bigger minority populations.

4. Among all radio stations, 43 percent of minority-owned stations are locally owned, the same level as non-minority-owned stations.

5. But in Arbitron radio markets (where four out of every five minority-owned stations are located, and which have significantly higher minority populations), 38.3 percent of minority. In unrated markets (which have significantly lower minority populations), 56 percent of minority-owned stations

(vii) Female- and Minority-Owned Stations Thrive in Less- Concentrated Markets

Our analysis suggests that both female- and minority-owned stations thrive in markets that are less concentrated. Markets with female and minority owners have fewer stations per owner on average than markets without them.

1. The level of market concentration is significantly lower in markets with female and minority owners.

2. The probability that a particular station will be female- or minority-owned is significantly lower in more concentrated markets.

3. The probability that a particular market will contain a female- or minority-owned station is significantly lower in more concentrated markets.

4. Female- and minority-owned stations are more likely to be found in each other’s markets.

Allowing further industry consolidation will unquestionably diminish the number of female- and minority-owned stations. The FCC should seriously consider these consequences before enacting any policies that could further concentration.

(viii) Female and Minority Ownership Is Low, Even When They're in the Majority

The study shows that women and people of color everywhere – regardless of their proportion of the population in a given market – have very few owners representing them on the radio dial.

1. The average radio market has 16 white male-owned stations for every one female-owned and every two minority-owned stations.

2. Minority-owned stations are far more likely to be found in markets with higher minority populations. But even in these markets, the level of minority ownership is still low.

3. Minority-owned stations are found in about half of all Arbitron radio markets.

4. In 288 of the 298 U.S. Arbitron radio markets, the percentage of minorities living in the market is greater than the percentage of radio stations owned by minorities.

5. 23 of the 298 U.S. Arbitron radio markets have "majority-minority" populations. But in these markets, too, the percentage of radio stations owned by people of color is far below the percentage of minority population.

6. In two of these "majority-minority" markets (Stockton, Calif. and Las Cruces, N.M.), people of color own no stations.

7. Minorities own more than one-third of a market’s stations in just seven of the nation’s 298 radio markets. Minorities own more 25 percent of a market’s stations in just 24 of the nation’s 298 radio market.

(xi) Despite making up half the population in every market, the level of female-station ownership is still extremely low across the board.

1. Female-owned stations are found in about 40 percent of all Arbitron radio markets.

2. The Stamford-Norwalk, Conn. market is the only market in the United States where women own more than half of the stations.

3. Women own more than one-third of a market’s stations in just six of the nation’s 298 radio markets.

4. Women own more than 25 percent of a market’s stations in just 18 of the nation’s 298 radio markets.

(x) Format Diversity, Market Revenue and Audience Share

Minority owners are more likely to air formats that appeal to minority audiences, even though other formats are more lucrative. Choosing these different formats has a practical impact on the market status of minority-owned stations, as measured by audience ratings and share of market revenues.

1. Among the 20 general station format categories, minority-owned stations were significantly more likely to air “Spanish,” “religion,” “urban,” and “ethnic” formats. The Spanish and religion formats alone account for nearly half of all minority-owned stations.

2. Primarily because the Spanish, religion and ethnic formats attract smaller segments of the market, the average audience ratings share and share of market revenue held by minority owned stations is significantly lower than the rating

(xi) Ownership and Programming Diversity: A Case Study of Talk Radio

Though the focus of this study was on structural ownership, controversy-surrounding remarks by two prominent talk radio hosts Rush Limbaugh and Don Imus — spurred an examination talk radio programming on minority- and female-owned stations. We found:

1. No minority-owned stations aired “Imus in the Morning” at the time of its cancellation.

2. All minority-owned stations and minority-owned talk and news format stations were significantly less likely to air “The Rush Limbaugh Show," as were female-owned stations.

3. Having a minority- or female-owned station in a market was significantly correlated with a market airing both conservative and progressive programming.

4. Overall, markets that aired both progressive and conservative hosts were significantly less concentrated that markets that aired just one type of programming.

These results suggest that diversity in ownership if applied can leads to diversity in programming content. This result show women and minority are in a perilous state of under-representation of ownership of broadcast media. But policymakers may have forgotten the reason behind ownership rules and limits on consolidation: Increasing diversity and localism in ownership will produce more diverse speech, more choice for listeners, and more owners who are responsive to their local communities. However what is occurring is a massive consolidation and market concentration as one of the key structural factors keeping women and minorities from accessing the public airwaves. In short the FCC has the opportunity to make a difference with the Voluntary Commitment and give the underserved market the ability to be heard while chipping away at the current gap.

(4) Race Neutral vs. Race Preferences

The concept of race-neutral, gender-neutral when applied, assurance against actual discrimination. This is the type of Affirmative Action contemplated by President Lyndon Johnson’s Executive Order 11246, in which he sought to ensure that individuals have equal opportunity WITHOUT regard to their race, sex, or ethnicity. In this 1965 Executive Order, President Johnson[16] consistently and repeatedly used the term non-discrimination and never once mentioned racial quotas or preferences. The original, unamended version of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 similarly emphasized race-neutrality and non-discrimination, racial-preferences and gender-preferences for the correct races and genders. Under this definition, Affirmative Action is comprised of programs and policies that grant favorable treatment on the basis of race or gender to government-defined “disadvantage” individual. Under this definition, racial or gender preference must be granted even when the favored / aggrieved minority or gender has no actual evidence or proof that a company, boss, individual, or government agency has discriminated against them due to their race or gender.

AIR’s concept is to develop the proposed 24 channels offered by Sirius XM by topic that would be inclusive of race on a non-discrimination basis. By defining the proposed channels by topic you broaden the spectrum of talent, interest and diversity. This concept insures the underserved markets needs are met, the thing we share in common become apparent, and line between race-neutral and race preference slowly becomes invisible.

(5) AIR solution of inclusiveness with the development of Digital Satellite Radio Consortium (DSRC) for Qualified Entities Active on the Docket (07-57)

It is clear from several conversations with the FCC that one Qualified Entity will not be awarded the proposed 12 commercial channels. Further in other conversations it appears that Sirus XM does not want 12 different Qualified Entities programming these channels. Therefore iClick2Media believe the formation of the Diversity Satellite Radio Consortium (DSRC) can solve all the issues mentioned. The DSCR would be made up of the most active participants on the docket (07-57) whom currently does not have a major stake in terrestrial radio (i.e. Radio One with 51 Stations and Entrvison with 49 Stations). All member that would join the DSCR would have to fall under the definition of Qualified Entity, be able to past the muster of Adarand with the application of Strict Scrutiny and be able to open the doors that have be kept closed to the underserved market.

The DSCR will divide the channels up equally and work together in the development, and support of its members and their content. For example if there were three members in the DSCR then each member would get four (4) channels.

It is clear from iClick2Media’s position that, if three or four active members on the docket combined its missions and goals then the Merge Order’s Voluntary Commitments accepted by the FCC will best be served by a unified consortium that promote diversity for the underserved market.

(6) The Wrap-up

What does it all mean?

There is no question that the hot potato on everyone plate as it relates to the Sirius XM Voluntary Commitments to assist in bring more minority to satellite radio is Adarand.

The application of the Strict Scrutiny must show that such classifications are constitutional only if they are narrowly tailored with a compelling governmental interest, a "fundamental" constitutional right is infringed or when the government action involves the use of a "suspect classification" such as race or national origin that may render it void under the Equal Protection Clause. On July 25, 2008, when the Commission voted to approve the merger between Sirius and XM and as part of the Merge Order accepted the Voluntary Commitment designed by Sirius XM for what it wanted to achieve with the four percent commercial and four percent of non-commercial channels, inadvertently compelled itself to act within the scope and duties granted to the FCC and narrowly tailored the government’s interest by defining what a Qualified Entity was further obligating itself to insure fair competition in the SDARS market for all.

As proof of the FCC compelling interest to level the playing field as is relates to minority in radio in an report entitled “Off The Dial”, released in 2007, found that women and minorities own just 6 and 7.7% of all broadcast radio stations in the country respectively. The year before in 2006 “Out of the Picture,” an unprecedented report on broadcast television ownership, which found that women of all races own just 5% of the 1,400 commercial broadcast television stations in America. People of color, who make up 33% of the national population (and will be more than 50% by 2050), own just 3.6%. To further the point of the dismal outlook of minority on the dial the Third Circuit chastised the FCC in Prometheus v. FCC for ignoring the issue of female and minority ownership only proves there is a compelling interest for this governmental agency to act.

If the FCC in the eleven-hour decides to kick the responsibility back to Sirius XM and have Sirius XM decide who should have the four percent commercial and the four percent non-commercial channels then the duties granted to the FCC from it creations to regulating interstate and foreign commerce in communication by wire and radio so as to make available, so far as possible, to all the people of the United States, without discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex falls to the waist side and ultimately fails in protecting the people of the United States including the Qualified Entities.

The overall goal of telecommunications policy is to maximize efficiency through competition, which is necessary because the market for telecommunications services is a natural monopoly, and therefore a second competitor would not survive. Regulations were imposed to protect consumers from monopolistic abuses. The logic of competition and antitrust law in the United States is to guard against restrictions and impediments to competition that are not likely to be naturally corrected by competitive forces. As an alternative to antitrust and competition law, economic regulation has been established in three exceptional cases: (i) for those markets where it is clear that competition cannot be achieved by market forces. This holds true by the statically data presented showing the widening gap of minorities lack of radio ownership. (ii) Where deviation from efficiency is deemed socially desirable. Sirius XM Voluntary Commitment as defined in the Merge Order understood the need to open it channels to a more diverse community and by setting aside 4 percent commercial and 4 non-commercials for Qualified Entity recognized a need and keen business sense to grab a audience that is growing in leaps and bounds and (iii) where the social and private benefits are clearly different[17]. It is a fact that the private benefit has and continues to keep minority and women off the dial. When you look at the data and see the number of minority owned stations folding monthly there must be an action by the FCC to stop this trend. On the social side the FCC is bound to protect the interest of the people of the United States and that includes opening the field where minority content providers and or the underserved market has access to the airwaves including digital and satellite. This can be achieved now by the Voluntary Commitment offered by Sirius XM and the acceptance of the Voluntary Commitment by the FCC that addresses the compelling governmental interest in maintaining equality.



[1] 515 U.S. 200 (1995)

[2] U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Federal Procurement After Adarand Sept 2005

[3] McCormack, Alfred (1946). "A Law Clerk's Recollections". Columbia Law Review 46 (5): 710–718

[4] Bill of Rights

[5] 14th Amendment

[6] Equal Protection

[7] Comments on Regulation of Access to Vertically-Integrated Natural Monopolies Ministry of Commerce The Treasury wellington New Zealand, September 1995

[8] The Scope of Competition in Telecommunications," mimeo AEI Studies in Telecommunications Regulation Bernheim, B. Douglas and Robert D. Willig (1996)

[9] P.L. No. 104-104, 110 Stat 56 [254(b)] 1996

[10] 110 Stat 56 1996

[11] Commission Approves Transaction Between Sirius Satellite Radio Holdings Inc. And XM Satellite Radio Holdings, Inc. Subject To Conditions July 28, 2008

[12] 47 U.S.C. 152 Sec 1 Purpose of Act, Creation of the Federal Communication Commission

[13] Off the Dial: Female and Minority Radio Station Ownership in the United States by S. Derek Turner June 2007

[14] 373 F.3d 372

[15] Out of the Picture; Minority and Female TV Stations Ownership in the United States by S. Derek Turner October 2006

[16] President Lyndon Johnson Executive Order 11234 September 28, 1965 F.R 12319

[17] Comments on Regulation of Access to Vertically-Integrated Natural Monopolies, September 1995